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L4M3試験の準備方法｜完璧なL4M3日本語版テキスト内容試験｜実用的なCIPS Commercial Contracting日本語版受験参考書

私たちが知っているように、一部の人々は以前に試験に失敗し、L4M3トレーニング資料を購入する前にこの苦しい試験に自信を失いました。私たちはここで悲しみを分けます。これから時間のかかる思考を捨てることができます。対照的に、それらは不明瞭なコンテンツを感じることなくあなたの可能性を刺激します。 L4M3試験準備を取得した後、試験期間中に大きなストレスにさらされることはありません。

CIPS L4M3認定を達成することは、個人が商業契約の原則を強く理解していること、およびそれらの原則を実用的な設定で適用する能力を持っていることを示しています。この認定は、調達およびサプライチェーン管理の分野で非常に尊敬されており、キャリアの機会の強化と収益の可能性の増加につながる可能性があります。

CIPS L4M3試験は、商業契約に関与している個人の知識とスキルをテストするように設計されています。これには、契約の起草と交渉、契約パフォーマンスの管理、契約の過程で発生する紛争の解決に責任がある個人が含まれます。この試験では、契約法、契約の起草、契約交渉、契約管理など、幅広いトピックをカバーしています。

>> L4M3日本語版テキスト内容 <<

L4M3日本語版受験参考書、L4M3試験解説

L4M3問題集を買うとき、支払いが成功したら、お客様は問題集をダウンロードできます。L4M3問題集の有効性を確保する為に、CIPSはL4M3問題集のに対して、定期的に検査します。そうすれば、お客様にL4M3問題集の最新版を提供できます。

CIPS Commercial Contracting 認定 L4M3 試験問題 (Q72-Q77):

質問 # 72
Which of the following is set down in statute as a liability that exists without any need to prove fault?

A. Contingent liability
B. Non-current liability
C. Current liability
D. Strict liability

正解：D

解説：
- Strict liability, sometimes called absolute liability, is the legal responsibility for damages, or injury, even if the person found strictly liable was not at fault or negligent. Strict liability has been applied to certain activities in tort, such as holding an employer absolutely liable for the torts of her employees, but today it is most commonly associated with defectively manufactured products. In addition, for reasons of public policy, certain activities may be conducted only if the person conducting them is willing to insure others against the harm that results from the risks the activities create.
- Current liabilities are a company's short-term financial obligations that are due within one year or within a normal operating cycle.
- Non-current liabilities, also called long-term liabilities or long-term debts, are long-term financial obligations listed on a company's balance sheet
- Contingent liability is a potential liability that may occur, depending on the outcome of an uncertain future event.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 148
LO 3, AC 3.2

質問 # 73
Which of the following are implied terms in sales contracts? Select THREE that apply.

A. Fitness for purpose
B. Customer satisfaction
C. Transfer of ownership
D. Payment method
E. Risk transfer
F. Mode of transportation

正解：A、C、E

解説：
Generally, under the Sale of Goods Acts (in UK, Singapore, Australia,...) or Commercial Codes (in France, Germany, Vietnam,...), the sale contracts have the following implied terms:
- the seller has the right to sell the goods. This is also a condition of the contract
- the goods are free from undisclosed security interests
- the goods supplied under the contract will be reasonably fit for any purpose which the buyer made known to the seller
- sales of unseen goods will be of merchantable quality, and match their description and conform with a sample.
- Passing of risk
- Passing of possession and title
...
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1

質問 # 74
A buyer is procuring innovative new IT systems and has issued a performance specification as part of the invitation to tender. Is this a suitable approach?

A. Yes, because it will improve relationships and collaboration between both parties
B. Yes, because it allows the bidder to present solutions and further inform the requirement
C. No, because the Procurement Team should only include outputs in specifications
D. No, because the bidder may use it to inflate costs

正解：B

解説：
A performance specification outlines the results or outputs required, rather than dictating how they should be achieved. This is ideal for innovation-focused procurement, like IT systems, as it allows suppliers to bring forward creative, technical solutions. It encourages market input and can lead to better value and performance.
Reference:CIPS L4M3 Commercial Contracting Study Guide, Chapter 2, Section 2.1.3 - Types of specifications including performance-based.

質問 # 75
In a contract, express terms and implied terms may contradict on the same issues. Under which of the following circumstances, implied terms will override express terms?

A. Contracting parties are silent on a matter that was not included in express terms
B. No circumstances. Express terms always take precedence over implied terms
C. Implied terms are created by law which prevents them to be overridden
D. Implied terms are created by trade customs

正解：C

解説：
Express terms are the terms of the agreement which are expressly agreed between the parties. Ideally, they will be written down in a contract between the parties but where the contract is agreed verbally, they will be the terms discussed and agreed between the parties.
Implied terms are terms implied into the contract by the courts. They are not expressly set out in the contract but are taken to be as effective as if they were and as if they had been included from day one of the contract. The express terms and any implied terms together create the legally binding obligations on the parties.
Express terms are explicit and will normally override implied terms unless the implied term is created by statute and the law states that it cannot be overridden.
Reference:
- Contracts: Express and Implied Terms
- CIPS study guide page 126-132
LO 3, AC 3.1

質問 # 76
To expand its operation, Steel Co. decides to build a new plant. Despite of excitement, the senior management is very concerned about the complexity and risks of such project. Hugo, the procurement manager, suggests that the company can adopt a model form of contract. What is the advantage of using model form of contract?

A. It shifts the balance of power in the favour of the buyer rather than the contractor
B. The company could avoid the need to draft a complex contract from blank
C. Model form of contract eliminates the need for legal advice totally
D. The company does not need to draft the drawings as well as specification anymore

正解：B

解説：
Advantages and Disadvantages of using model form contracts.
Model form contracts save a lot of time and money. They are written by industry experts and the buyers and suppliers both understand what is included in the contract.
They are mainly used in Construction and term maintenance contacts. Typical ones are JCT and NEC.
Without the use of model form contracts the buyer and supplier will take a long time to write the terms, negotiate and finalise the contract.
This is time and money wasted.
However, model form contracts require buyers and suppliers to have training so you understand them.
Finally, if you are a buyer in a powerful position you cannot exploit that with a model form contract as these are written for mutual benefit.

Reference:
- Procurement Study Buddy on Facebook
- CIPS study guide page 147

質問 # 77
......

当社の唯一の目的は、各顧客が試験に合格するのを支援するとともに、短時間で重要な認定を取得することです。試験に合格し、自分にとって非常に重要なL4M3認定を取得したい場合は、当社のL4M3認定準備資料を選択して、試験の理解を深めることを強くお勧めします。あなたが準備するつもりです。弊社からL4M3試験教材を購入することに決めた場合、試験に合格し、他の人よりもリラックスした方法で認定資格を取得できると考えています。

L4M3日本語版受験参考書: https://www.pass4test.jp/L4M3.html

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